Vaccination produces what type of immunity

Antibodies are proteins produced by the body to neutralize or destroy toxins or disease-carrying organisms. Antibodies are disease-specific. For example, measles antibody will protect a person who is exposed to measles disease but will have no effect if he or she is exposed to mumps. Active Immunity results when exposure to a disease organism triggers the immune system to produce antibodies to that disease. Active immunity can be acquired through natural immunity or vaccine-induced immunity.

Passive immunity:. Passive immunity is either maternal or artificial. Maternal passive immunity, or natural passive immunity, is immunity passed along from mother to child. Before the child is born, antibodies are passed through the placenta to protect the child from illness. After birth, an infant continues to receive passive immunity to disease from antibodies found in breast milk.

Artificial passive immunity comes from injected antibodies created within a different person or an animal. These antibody-containing preparations are termed antiserum.

The rabies vaccine and snake antivenom are two examples of antiserums that yield passive immunity. Innate immunity consists of: External defenses : Known as the first line of defense, external defenses work to protect an organism from pathogen exposure. External defenses include things like the skin, tears, and stomach acid. Internal defenses : Known as the second line of defense, internal defenses address a pathogen once it has entered the body. Internal defenses include things like inflammation and fevers.

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Volume Article Contents Abstract. Active and passive immunity. Vaccine types. Conflicts of interest. Active and passive immunity, vaccine types, excipients and licensing. David Baxter David Baxter. Oxford Academic. Select Format Select format. Permissions Icon Permissions. Abstract Abstract Immunity is the state of protection against infectious disease conferred either through an immune response generated by immunization or previous infection or by other non-immunological factors.

Active immunity , immunization , immunoglobulin preparations , passive immunity , vaccine excipients , vaccine licensing , vaccine types.

Google Scholar Crossref. Search ADS. Role of aluminium-containing adjuvants in antigen internalization by dendritic cells in vitro. Tak, Saunders. Janeway, Travers. SLAM CD -independent measles virus entry as revealed by recombinant virus expressing green fluorescent protein. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.

Issue Section:. Download all slides. View Metrics. Email alerts Article activity alert. Advance article alerts. Upon exposure to a pathogen, the body will attempt to isolate and destroy it. Chemicals released by inflammation increase blood flow and attract white blood cells to the area of infection. Specialist cells, known as phagocytes, engulf the target and dismantle it. This response leads to the production of antigen-specific antibodies. Circulating antibodies then find the organism and bind to its surface antigens.

In this way it is labelled as the target. This specific response is also called the adaptive or cell-mediated immune response, since the immune system adapts to suit the type of invader. When the body is first exposed to an antigen, several days pass before this adaptive response becomes active. Upon first exposure to a pathogen, immune activity increases, then levels off and falls. Since the first, or primary, immune response is slow it cannot prevent disease, although it may help in recovery.

Once antigen-specific T and B cells lymphocytes are activated, their numbers expand and following an infection some memory cells remain resulting in memory for the specific antigens.

This memory can take a few months to fully develop. During subsequent exposures to the same pathogen, the immune system is able to respond rapidly and activity reaches higher levels. The secondary immune responses can usually prevent disease, because the pathogen is detected, attacked and destroyed before symptoms appear.

In general, adults respond more rapidly to infection than children. They are able to prevent disease or reduce the severity of the disease by mounting a rapid and strong immune response to antigens they have previously experienced. In contrast, children have not experienced as many antigens and are more likely to get sick. Memory of the infection is reinforced and long lived antibodies remain in circulation. Some infections, such as chickenpox, induce a life-long memory of infection.